“Water plays a crucial role in the fertilizer industry, primarily in steam generation, cooling cycles, and, more recently, hydrogen production. Two main technologies are relied upon for water demineralization: ion exchange and reverse osmosis. Ion exchange technology generates 5 – 10% wastewater as a byproduct,
contaminated with regenerants like NaOH, H2SO4, or HCl. In contrast, reverse osmosis technology produces a discharge stream of 20 – 30% from the input water, with salts concentrated four to five times higher than raw water. Both technologies create pollution that is environmentally undesirable for disposal.” Read More